Pre-Dynastic era of Vietnam

[tiboy8x]

Pre-Dynastic era of Vietnam
The area now known as Vietnam has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, and some archaeological sites in Thanh Hoa Province reportedly date back several thousand years. Archaeologists link the beginnings of Vietnamese civilization to the late Neolithic, early Bronze Age, Phung-nguyen culture, which was centered in Vinh Phu Province of contemporary Vietnam from about 2000 to 1400 BCE. By about 1200 BCE/ [[Media:]], the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River plains led to the development of the Dong Son culture, notable for its elaborate bronze drums. The bronze weapons, tools, and drums of Dongsonian sites show a Southeast Asian influence that indicates an indigenous origin for the bronze-casting technology. Many small, ancient copper mine sites have been found in northern Vietnam. Some of the similarities between the Dong Sonian sites and other Southeast Asian sites include the presence of boat-shaped coffins and burial jars, stilt dwellings, and evidence of the customs of betel-nut-chewing and teeth-blackening.
The legendary Hồng Bàng Dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered by many Vietnamese as the first Vietnamese state, known as Văn Lang. In 257 BCE, Thục Phán defeated the last Hùng king and consolidated the Lạc Việt tribes with his Âu Việt tribes, forming Âu Lạc and proclaiming himself An Dương Vương. In 207 BCE, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue. In 111 BCE, the Chinese Han Dynasty consolidated Nanyue into their empire.
For the next thousand years, Vietnam was mostly under Chinese rule. Early independence movements such as those of the Trưng Sisters and of Lady Triệu were only briefly successful. It was independent as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Ly Dynasty between 544 and 602. By the early 10th century, Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not independence, under the Khúc family.





Information from Trafest (trafest.com)

[bschuess]

Thanks for the history tiboy. It is a good reminder of the length and richness of civilization in Vietnam. When I visited VN in December, I toured the Champa sites around My Son. They were amazing. Did the civilization you describe displace the Champa people as Viet society expanded to the South?

[roninreturn]

That’s really interesting part of history, forgotten sometimes. Champa history was characterized by consistent feuding with the neighbors. Between the third and fifth centuries relations with the Chinese followed a cyclical pattern of antagonism and tribute, culminating in the 446 AD sacking of Simhapura when th Chinese made off with 50-tonne, solid gold Buddha statue. Wars raged with Khmers in the twelfth and thirteen century, one fateful retaliatory Cham offensive culminating in the destruction o Angkor. With the installation of Champa’s throne of warmongering Binasuor in 1361, three decades of Cham expansionism ensued; upon his death in 1390, though the Viets regained all lost ground, and soon secured the region around Indrapuga. In a decisive pish south, the Viets, led by Le Thanh Tong, overran Vijaya1471; Champa shifted its capital south again, but by now it was becoming profoundly marginalized. For a few centuries more, the Cham Kings still claimed nominal rule o the area around Phan Rang, Phan Thiet. In 1697 the last independent Cham king died, and what little remained o the kingdom became a Vietnamese vassal state. Ming Mang Emperor dissolved even this in the 1820s, the last Cham King fled to Cambodia. Now most of 100000 descendants of Cham Empire reside around Phan Rang and Phan Thiet. Amazing !!!

[roninreturn]

[QUOTE=tiboy8x;4321]Pre-Dynastic era of Vietnam
The area now known as Vietnam has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, and some archaeological sites in Thanh Hoa Province reportedly date back several thousand years. Archaeologists link the beginnings of Vietnamese civilization to the late Neolithic, early Bronze Age, Phung-nguyen culture, which was centered in Vinh Phu Province of contemporary Vietnam from about 2000 to 1400 BCE. By about 1200 BCE/ [[Media:]], the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River plains led to the development of the Dong Son culture, notable for its elaborate bronze drums. The bronze weapons, tools, and drums of Dongsonian sites show a Southeast Asian influence that indicates an indigenous origin for the bronze-casting technology. Many small, ancient copper mine sites have been found in northern Vietnam. Some of the similarities between the Dong Sonian sites and other Southeast Asian sites include the presence of boat-shaped coffins and burial jars, stilt dwellings, and evidence of the customs of betel-nut-chewing and teeth-blackening.
The legendary Hồng Bàng Dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered by many Vietnamese as the first Vietnamese state, known as Văn Lang. In 257 BCE, Thục Phán defeated the last Hùng king and consolidated the Lạc Việt tribes with his Âu Việt tribes, forming Âu Lạc and proclaiming himself An Dương Vương. In 207 BCE, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue. In 111 BCE, the Chinese Han Dynasty consolidated Nanyue into their empire.
For the next thousand years, Vietnam was mostly under Chinese rule. Early independence movements such as those of the Trưng Sisters and of Lady Triệu were only briefly successful. It was independent as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Ly Dynasty between 544 and 602. By the early 10th century, Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not independence, under the Khúc family.

[tiboy8x]

[QUOTE=tiboy8x;4321]Pre-Dynastic era of Vietnam
The area now known as Vietnam has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, and some archaeological sites in Thanh Hoa Province reportedly date back several thousand years. Archaeologists link the beginnings of Vietnamese civilization to the late Neolithic, early Bronze Age, Phung-nguyen culture, which was centered in Vinh Phu Province of contemporary Vietnam from about 2000 to 1400 BCE. By about 1200 BCE/ [[Media:]], the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River plains led to the development of the Dong Son culture, notable for its elaborate bronze drums. The bronze weapons, tools, and drums of Dongsonian sites show a Southeast Asian influence that indicates an indigenous origin for the bronze-casting technology. Many small, ancient copper mine sites have been found in northern Vietnam. Some of the similarities between the Dong Sonian sites and other Southeast Asian sites include the presence of boat-shaped coffins and burial jars, stilt dwellings, and evidence of the customs of betel-nut-chewing and teeth-blackening.
The legendary Hồng Bàng Dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered by many Vietnamese as the first Vietnamese state, known as Văn Lang. In 257 BCE, Thục Phán defeated the last Hùng king and consolidated the Lạc Việt tribes with his Âu Việt tribes, forming Âu Lạc and proclaiming himself An Dương Vương. In 207 BCE, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue. In 111 BCE, the Chinese Han Dynasty consolidated Nanyue into their empire.
For the next thousand years, Vietnam was mostly under Chinese rule. Early independence movements such as those of the Trưng Sisters and of Lady Triệu were only briefly successful. It was independent as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Ly Dynasty between 544 and 602. By the early 10th century, Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not independence, under the Khúc family.

[tiboy8x]

Dynastic era of Vietnam


Battle of Bach Dang river. Silk painting by Năng Hiển.
In 938 CE, a Vietnamese lord named Ngô Quyền defeated Chinese forces at the Bạch Đằng River and gained independence after 10 centuries under Chinese control. Renamed as Đại Việt, the nation went through a golden era during the Lý and Trần Dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three Mongol invasions of Vietnam. Following the brief Hồ Dynasty, Vietnamese independence was momentarily interrupted by the Chinese Ming Dynasty, but was restored by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Lê Dynasty. Feudalism in Vietnam reached its zenith in the Lê Dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông. Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese expanded southward in a process known as nam tiến (southward expansion). They eventually conquered the kingdom of Champa and part of the Khmer Empire.
Towards the end of the Lê Dynasty, civil strife engulfed much of Vietnam. First, the Chinese-supported Mạc Dynasty challenged the Lê Dynasty's power. After the Mạc Dynasty was defeated, the Lê Dynasty was reinstalled, but with no actual power. Power was divided between the Trịnh Lords in the North and the Nguyễn Lords in the South, who engaged in a civil war for more than a hundred years. The civil war ended when the Tây Sơn brothers defeated both and established their new dynasty. However, their rule did not last long and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn Lords with the help of the French, who established the Nguyễn Dynasty.

[tiboy8x]

Vietnam in the earliest time

Have you ever heard about the origin of Vietnam? This is really a long story. Evidents of earliest established society other than Đông Sơn in Northern Vietnam were found in Cổ Loa, ancient city situated near modern Hanoi. According to Chinese source, Qin's renegade general Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà) subjugated Tây Âu Lạc, located in Northern Vietnam, to be part of his Nan Yue (Nam Việt) Empire.
According to Vietnamese myths, however, the first Vietnamese people descended from the Dragon Lord Lạc Long Quân and the Immortal Âu Cơ. Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ had 100 sons before they split (50 children went with their mother to the mountains and the other 50 went with their father to the sea). The eldest son became the first in a line of earliest Vietnamese kings, collectively known as Hùng kings (Hùng Vương or Hồng Bàng Dynasty). The Hùng kings called the country Văn Lang; it was located on the Red River delta in present-day northern Vietnam. The people of Văn Lang were referred to as the Lạc Việt.
In ancient times, many tribes living south of the Yangtze River called themselves Yue (Việt in Vietnamese). Most of these tribes were linguistically related to the northern Chinese; even today, Cantonese people and their language are still referred to as Yue. The Lạc Việt, however, were linguistically more closely related to other Southeast Asian people. Văn Lang culture is theorized to have evolved from natives who had settled on the Red River delta since pre-historic times, rather than from migrating tribes from the North, as suggested in some Chinese legends

The long history!

[tiboy8x]

The history of Vietnamese currency

Through 1,000 years of Chinese rule, Viet people did not have their own money. In 968, Dinh Tien Hoang revolted among 12 factions to establish the Dinh Dynasty, starting an era of independence for the Viet country.

For the first time Viet people had their own money, the Thai Binh Thong Bao coin was cast in 970, with the Dinh script on one side. This round-shaped coin is made of copper, with a square hole in the centre. The coin’s round shape is the symbol of God while the square hole is the symbol of the Earth in accordance with the conceptions of Oriental people.

This theme continued to be shown in other coins that were cast by following dynasties. Even the coins of the last feudal dynasty of Vietnam, the Bao Dai Thong Bao of King Bao Dai, followed this rule. The rarest coin in Vietnam is now displayed at the memory house of the State Bank of Vietnam.

For most antique coins in Vietnam, the two letters on the one side of the coin are mostly thong bao, which means common coin, or nguyen bao (the coin cast for the first time). However, on some kinds of coins the two letters show rank or coin intricacies, especially those cast under the reign of King Canh Hung, for example vinh bao (coin for forever circulation), chi bao (the most noble coin), dai bao and cu bao (coin of big value), chinh bao (orthodox coin), thuan bao (the coin cast by copper extracted from bronze cannons of the Nguyen Dynasty in Thuan Hoa region). In addition, there are some kinds of coins that are considered as undefined and obscure, for example those with the letters of Tran Tan cong bao, Thai Binh thanh bao and Thai binh phap bao on one side.

Normally newly crowned kings often marked the start of their dynasty by changing the date and casting new coins to confirm the existence of their royal dynasties. There is a wide range of entertaining stories of coin casting. In 1521 a man named Tran Cao raised troops to occupy Dong Do capital (Hanoi currently) for only four days but still cast the Thien ung khong bao coin for circulation.

The only iron coin of Vietnam is the one named Dai chinh thong bao, which was cast under the Mac Dang Dung reign dating back 465 years. At that time Mac Dang Dung usurped the throne from the post-Le Dynasty. History says that the Mac Dynasty did not win God’s heart so they could not cast bronze coins and had to cast iron ones. This is the only case of iron coins. However, archaeologists have yet to find the iron coins named Dai chinh thong bao of the Mac Dynasty, but only bronze ones. They suppose that at that time copper alloy was not refined so it contained more iron than normal.

The first banknotes of Vietnam appeared under the Ho Dynasty, nearly 600 years ago, with very simple printing technology. Major patterns used on those banknotes are seaweed, tortoise, and rattan. Ho is the only feudal dynasty in Vietnam that issued banknotes.

[nb]

Vietnam in the earliest time

Have you ever heard about the origin of Vietnam? This is really a long story. Evidents of earliest established society other than Đông Sơn in Northern Vietnam were found in Cổ Loa, ancient city situated near modern Hanoi. According to Chinese source, Qin's renegade general Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà) subjugated Tây Âu Lạc, located in Northern Vietnam, to be part of his Nan Yue (Nam Việt) Empire.
According to Vietnamese myths, however, the first Vietnamese people descended from the Dragon Lord Lạc Long Quân and the Immortal Âu Cơ. Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ had 100 sons before they split (50 children went with their mother to the mountains and the other 50 went with their father to the sea). The eldest son became the first in a line of earliest Vietnamese kings, collectively known as Hùng kings (Hùng Vương or Hồng Bàng Dynasty). The Hùng kings called the country Văn Lang; it was located on the Red River delta in present-day northern Vietnam. The people of Văn Lang were referred to as the Lạc Việt.

i have this story on my desktop in viet and english as a word doc i copy/pasted from a website somewhere. one of the first stories i tried to read in viet.

[tiboy8x]

I know I think about my country as somebody because we love it.

[tiboy8x]

The museum is a beautiful architectural work. It provides an area of 2,000m² for exhibition. On the ground floor are theme rooms:
Prehistory, Vietnam from the Time of National Building to the Tran Dynasty. The second floor features Vietnam from the Ho Dynasty to the Nguyen Dynasty and contains a section on Cham Culture.

Nearly 7,000 objects and documents depict vividly the long process of development of the Vietnamese community, its undaunted and heroic struggle for thousand years, from its early history up to the August Revolution in 1945. The system of computers installed on the second floor is intended for visitors to search for information effectively.
The exhibits provide systematic, scientific and reliable information for those who want to understand and research on the history of Vietnam. The museum is a tourist attraction for people inside and outside Vietnam

[tiboy8x]

Documents and objects are displayed and carefully preserved and maintained in this place, expressing the role of women in the process of the development of the Vietnamese nation. The museum is also a place for cultural exchange for Vietnamese and international women with the goal of creating “equality, development, and peace”. The exhibits are displayed on an area of 1,200m² on two-storey building; the museum organized around five main themes
Vietnamese women in Vietnamese community.
- The involvement of Vietnamese women in the fight for national independence and national construction.
- The Vietnamese Women’s Association and its struggle to liberate women.
- The culture of Vietnamese women expresses through traditional handicraft products.
-Women costumes of the 54 Vietnamese ethnic groups.

The museum is open daily except Monday, from 8 am to 4 pm. The entrance fee is 10,000VND

Cheer,

[tiboy8x]

The museum introduces Vietnam-the land and the people from the middle 20th century up to now. The exhibition is divided into:
National liberation movements of the Vietnamese from 1858 to 1945 (from the 1st to the 9th showroom).
- 30 years of struggle against the invaders and protecting the National independence and unifying the country from 1945 to 1975 (from the 10th to the 24th showroom).
- Developing the economy from 1976 up to now. The collections of Vietnam Economy from 1975 to 2000 are displayed in the room No. 26, No. 27.
- The present collections of the Vietnamese people and of the people in the world offered President Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnam Communist Party (room No. 28 and No. 29).

Especially, the Revolution Museum has a store with thousand of precious objects and documents of the Vietnamese revolution from 1858 up to now

[tiboy8x]

With the end of the First Indochina War and the creation of North Vietnam and South Vietnam, there were two Vietnamese film industries, with the Hanoi industry focusing on propaganda films and Saigon producing mostly war-society-themed or comedy films.
Hanoi's Vietnam Film Studio was established in 1956 and the Hanoi Film School opened in 1959. The first feature film produced in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was a nationalistic work directed by Nguyễn Hồng Nghị, Chung một Dòng sông (Together on the Same River). There was even an animated feature, Đáng đời Thằng cáo (A Just Punishment for the Fox) in 1960.
Documentaries and feature films from Hanoi attracted attention at film festivals in Eastern Europe at the time. The documentary Nước về Bắc Hưng Hải (Water Returns to Bắc Hưng Hải) won the Golden Award at the 1959 Moscow Film Festival, and the 1963 feature by Phạm Kỳ Nam, Chị Tư Hậu (Sister Tư Hậu) won the Silver Award at Moscow. It starred lead actress Trà Giang.
But mostly the Hanoi-based industry focused on documenting the Vietnam War. Between 1965 and 1973, 463 newsreels, 307 documentaries and 141 scientific films were produced, in contrast to just 36 feature films and 27 cartoons.
Films during this period include the documentaries Du kích Củ Chi (Củ Chi Guerillas in 1967 and Lũy thép Vĩnh Linh (Vĩnh Linh Steel Rampart) in 1970), which included footage from battles. Other films, such as Đường ra phía trước (The Road to the Front) in 1969 and Những người săn thú trên núi Dak-sao (Hunters on Dak-sao Mountain) in 1971 were docu-dramas.
Feature films from this time include Nguyễn Văn Trỗi (1966), Đường về quê mẹ (Road Back to Mother), Truyện vợ chồng Anh Lực (The Story of Anh Lực and his Wife, in 1971, and Em bé Hà Nội (Young Girl from Hanoi) in 1974.
Saigon produced numerous documentary and public information films, as well as feature films. The most well known feature film in the late 1950s was Chúng Tôi Muốn Sống(We Want To Live), a realistic depiction of the bloody land reform campaign in North Vietnam under Communist-dominated Vietminh. Some mid-1960s black-and-white features dealt with war themes, with actors such as Đoàn Châu Mậu and La Thoại Tân. Some later popular color features revolved around the theme of family or personal tragedy in a war torn society, such as Người Tình Không Chân Dung(Faceless Love) starring Kiều Chinh, Xa Lộ Không Đèn(Dark Highway) starring Thanh Nga, Chiếc Bóng Bên Đường(Roadside Shadow) starring Kim Cương and Thành Được. Comedy movies were usually released around Tet, the Vietnamese New Year; most notable was Triệu Phú Bất Đắc Dĩ(The Reluctant Millionaire) starring the well loved comedian Thanh Việt.
Joseph Mankiewicz's adaptation of Graham Greene's The Quiet American was filmed in and around Saigon in 1957. American actor Marshall Thompson directed and starred in A Yank in Vietnam, or Year of the Tiger in 1964.

[tiboy8x]

More and more Vietnamese are discovering that vegetarian food is not just for monks. The country's vastly creative vegetarian dishes have a long history of careful preparation, and are worth exploring for both meat-eaters and veggies alike.
Contrary to its reputation, vegetarian food is neither poor in category nor bland in flavor. Ms Diem, owner of "Nang Tam" restaurant, hidden in a silent alley off Tran Hung Dao Street, proves this to customers, providing dishes made of vegetables, tofu, roots and beans. If there are up to 1000 possible meat dishes, then there are equally up to 1000 corresponding vegetarian ones. From great delicacies to popular courses, all are copies of more established recipes. Free of meat, fish, and any ingredients coming from an animal, the food served at Nang Tam is the practiced result of an artisan who has dedicated her life to vegetarian cooking.
There are not many places to enjoy vegetarian food in Hanoi. On the contrary, in Hue and Saigon, hundreds of vegetarian eateries are available, and remain especially crowded on the first and fifteenth days of the lunar month. On Buddhist celebrations and anniversary of and ancestor's death, almost all strict Buddhist followers live on a vegetarian diet. They and those who keep a vegetarian diet all year round help to develop and expand this art of cooking outside the pagoda.
In many people's memories, vegetarian meals are associated with going to the pagoda, when children would accompany their grandmothers to observe rituals before sharing a vegetarian meal with the monks. Such a meal used to be composed of rice, salted vegetables, egg-plants and soybean jam only. From an ascetic rule of Buddhism, vegetarian food has been enhanced, in both quality and etiquette, to a finer level by royal cooks under Nguyen dynasty. "Grandmothers" - ladies in the royal palaces - meticulously spent their whole lives making sophisticated vegetarian food to present flavorful offerings to religious kings and other members of the royal family. The art of vegetarian cooking then expanded from the imperial palace to popular life
------------------
More information at Trafest.com.
Email: roninreturn@yahooo.com

[tiboy8x]

With over 18 years selling chicken porridge in the noon time and busy most of the time, this place is quite well known in Hà Nội. Even though she has a hard face, the owner is quite friendly when you talk to her.

The dish is good for you anytime of the year, but it is actually better in the winter when we need hot food. There are a few options for you to choose such as: chicken porridge only, or with egg, with heart, kidney or liver. She serves it with some chopped onion, chopped perilla, and sawleaf, adding some chilli, pepper and some "Quẩy"(bread).

A bowl only costs you about 10,000Vnd which is just enough for your lunch, and don't forget to try from this lady in Phát Lộc lane just on the corner of Hàng Bè and Hàng Bạc street.

[tiboy8x]

The museum is a beautiful architectural work. It provides an area of 2,000m² for exhibition. On the ground floor are theme rooms:
Prehistory, Vietnam from the Time of National Building to the Tran Dynasty. The second floor features Vietnam from the Ho Dynasty to the Nguyen Dynasty and contains a section on Cham Culture.

Nearly 7,000 objects and documents depict vividly the long process of development of the Vietnamese community, its undaunted and heroic struggle for thousand years, from its early history up to the August Revolution in 1945. The system of computers installed on the second floor is intended for visitors to search for information effectively.
The exhibits provide systematic, scientific and reliable information for those who want to understand and research on the history of Vietnam. The museum is a tourist attraction for people inside and outside Vietnam

[tiboy8x]

Vietnam is a long, skinny country stretching from Hanoi and the Red River in the north to Ho Chi Minh City and the fertile Mekong River Delta in the south. These ends are connected by a mountainous spine that runs along the South China Sea. On the west, Vietnam is bordered by Laos and Cambodia, and to the north, lies China. The food of the north, through stir-fries and noodle-based soups, shows the heavy influence of Chinese cooking. The mountainous middle section, with the former Imperial capitol, Hue, at its center, has an abundance of fresh produce.
It was in Hue that royal chefs developed the more elaborate dishes of Vietnamese cuisine. The southern region is tropical, sustaining rice paddies, coconut groves, and many more spices than the north. As in the rest of Southeast Asia, there is an ancient layer of Indian cultural presence, most obviously evidenced in the religion of Buddhism (which, during the first millennium C.E., made its way along the Silk Road from India to East Asia). French colonization of Vietnam, which began in the 16th century and ended in the middle of the 20th century, also had a deep influence on Vietnamese cooking. The cuisine balances all these influences. One street vendor may noodle soup, pho bo, from his cart. The next vendor over might sell baguette smeared with one of the many ground pork concoctions known as pâtés. Both may be complemented by the ubiquitous native fish sauce (nuoc nam) or dipping sauce (nuoc cham -- made from fish sauce, water, sugar, and lime juice and seasoned with chiles and garlic).
As in many of the neighboring countries, a Vietnamese meal is rarely divided into courses. All the food is served at once and shared from common dishes. Meals are anchored by a starch, usually rice and sometimes noodles (especially in the north where grain is more prevalent than rice). The Vietnamese prefer long-grain rice to the glutinous short grain varieties preferred by north-eastern Thai and Japanese palates. Most meals include a soup, a stir-fry, and another main dish. Often, a light salad with shrimp or beef and vegetables will accompany the meal. Like the Chinese, the Vietnamese eat from a bowl with chopsticks.
Vietnamese cooking is generally not as rich or heavy as the coconut milk curries, of, say, Thailand or India. All that coastline means that fish and seafood are central to the diet. Other meats -- pork, beef, and chicken -- are also common, but in smaller quantities. Vegetables are often left raw, especially in the south, to act as a fresh contrast to the spicy cooked meat. The distinct flavors of Vietnamese food come primarily from: mint leaves, coriander, lemon grass, shrimp, fish sauces (nuoc nam and nuoc cham), star anise, ginger, black pepper, garlic, basil, rice vinegar, sugar, and green onions. Many flavorful marinades are made by some combination of these flavorings. Marinated meat or fish is quickly sautéed in the wok and served with an array of raw vegetables and herbs. All this may be eaten over rice or rolled in a rice-paper wrapper or lettuce leaf (or both), then dipped into a pungent sauce.

[nb]

ok, you gotta stop copy/pasting stuff.... enough already

[Khatores]

ok, you gotta stop copy/pasting stuff.... enough already

I think I've found a picture of tiboy... :p

http://www.withfriendship.com/user/images/61/orange-parrot.jpg